Innovation of crowdfunding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation of crowdfunding - Essay Example Crowdfunding, as a process, has a series of unique features. For this reason, the specific process is considered to meet the requirements of innovation. However, a carefully review of the characteristics of this process reveals similarities to an existing framework/ idea: the crowdsourcing, a term denoting ‘the use of crowd to obtain ideas, feedback and solutions in regard to corporate activities’ (Danmayr, 2013, p.4). In addition, before crowdfunding creative projects were funded using ‘traditional funding methods, such as self-financing or bank-financing’ (Metzler, 2011, p.4). In this context it could be supported that crowdfunding is a process that has replaced traditional financing schemes, especially in regard to projects of the creative sector. As of the innovative character of crowdfunding reference should be made to the following fact: crowdfunding seems to meet all the criteria used for defining a process as innovative. However, problem could possibly appear when trying to categorise crowdfunding as innovation. Initially, crowdfunding could be possibly considered to be a radical innovation, as this type of innovation is explained further in the next sections. A series of studies in the literature seem to promote this view; the studies of Castaldo (2013) and Deffains-Crapsky and Sudolska (2014), as analyzed below, are examples of this approach. However, most academic studies lead to another view: crowdfunding is rather an incremental innovation, i.e. an innovation based on existing technology. This study refers to crowdfunding as an incremental innovation. Relevant literature is presented in the Literature Review section for supporting the specific approach. In crowdfunding three types of participants can be identified: ‘the creators, the funders and the online platform’ (Danmayr, 2013, p.18). Crowdfunding involves in two, key,

Post-operative pain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Post-operative pain management - Essay Example This paper wills address the post operative management of pain for people who have undergone total knee replacement Surgery. The resultant physiotherapy and required exercises can result in patients experiencing substantial amounts of pain. Pain signifies trauma to the body and may be as result of tissue damage from injury, surgery, and diseases. Pain causes discomfort, immobility, and various biological responses that inhibit normal functioning of the body and its management becomes a necessary tool in nursing (Alfred, 2007). After total knee cap replacement surgery, effective pain relief measures are necessary for humane reasons and to facilitate an effective postoperative recovery, which necessitates intensive physiotherapy to reduce recovery time and facilitate mobility in most patients. Different people have different tolerances for pain and it is necessary to consider the individual patients before commencing on a post operation pain relief plan. Other important considerations that must be considered include clinical factors, patient related factors, and local factors. Post operative nursing care for patients who have undergone total knee replacement may include a combination of various procedures including education, assessment of pain, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological interventions.   Pain management is deeply integrated and ingrained in medicine and is especially invaluable in patients who have undergone major and minor surgeries. Total knee replacement surgery is done to alleviate pain in the knees and is highly successful in restoring mobility. Though expensive, it is economically justifiable due to increased mobility that reduces reliance on other members of the society. The procedure results in post operative pain, which if not well managed can lead to chronic pains and disability (Eccleston, 2011). Post operative pain management practices are often hindered by costs,